key problem in C quarter of calc is dealing with notation, esp. big sigma/summation notation. I think you should take the bulls by the horns; make people work -just- with the notation. EG: prove that \Delta \Sum = \Id in 2 ways: (firstly, always expand this out to \sum_{n=0}^N a_n - \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} a_n) 1: write out all the terms, cancel 2: write \sum_{n=0}^N a_n = a_n + \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} a_n and just cancel: this is exactly just making the above formal [actually, start by really stupid basic stuff like: "prove that $n!/(n-1)! = n$ by writing $n!=n(n-1)!$" and: show that $(2n)! = n!!*2^n*n! (hint: odds and evens)] Likewise: - show that $(n^2-n)/2$ and $\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} k$ have the same difference, and agree at 0; hence conclude that they're equal